利用DGT高分辨率研究沉积物孔隙水中重金属的浓度和释放通量

2006年5月采集了大辽河河段3个柱状沉积物,测定了沉积物的理化性质和重金属元素的含量,并利用常规离心方法和DGT方法测定了柱状沉积物孔隙水中重金属元素的含量.研究发现沉积物中Cd、Co、Cr和Cu元素含量高低的顺序依次是Cr>Cu>Co>Cd.用DGT方法测定的孔隙水中Cd、Co、Cr和Cu的浓度比用离心方法测定的浓度要低.DGT测定的孔隙水中Cd、Co、Cr和Cu的浓度c_DGT与离心方法测定的孔隙水浓度c的平均比值R分别为0.389、0.328、0.863和0.403,这说明沉积物中这几种金属从固相到液相的再补给速率大小遵循如下规律：Cr>Cu>Cd>Co.沉积物中Cd、Co、Cr和Cu元素的释放通量分别为1.12×１０^{-7～3.28×10-7　nmol/(cm2·s)、2.48×１０-7～10.40×10-7　nmol/(cm2·s)、8.80×１０-6～12.65×10-6 nmol/(cm2·s)和6.14×１０-6～13.93×10-6　nmol/(cm2·s).相关分析结果表明,Cd和Cu元素的迁移转化主要受有机质影响;而Cr元素的迁移转化除了受有机质影响外,还受铁锰氧化物影响比较显著;而Co元素可能受氧化还原电位影响较大.}     

唐岛湾网箱养殖区沉积物-水界面溶解无机氮的扩散通量

2004-08～2005-05分4个航次对唐岛湾网箱养殖区的10个站的沉积物间隙水和上覆水中的溶解无机氮营养盐（NH⁺₄-Ｎ、NO^-₃-Ｎ、NO^-₂-Ｎ）进行了现场调查, 并使用Fick第一定理对该海区沉积物-水界面溶解无机氮的扩散通量进行了估算.结果表明,网箱养殖区的上覆水和沉积物间隙水中溶解无机氮均以NO^-₃-Ｎ为主,分别占溶解无机氮总量的73.34%和61.45%;上覆水中溶解无机氮（DIN）和NO^-₃-Ｎ含量的季节变化趋势一致,在2004-10达到峰值,NH⁺₄-Ｎ的季节变化稍有不同;间隙水中溶解无机氮（DIN）和NO^-₃-Ｎ、NH⁺₄-Ｎ的变化趋势一致,表现为从5月份到8月份含量逐渐增加,到10月份达到最大,然后到次年2月份又减少;上覆水和间隙水中NO^-₂-Ｎ的含量随养殖进程表现为一个逐步积累的过程.NH⁺₄-Ｎ、NO^-₃-Ｎ和NO^-₂-Ｎ在沉积物-海水界面上的扩散通量分别为5.46、-5.04、8.71 μmol/（m²·d）,NO^-₂-Ｎ的扩散释放对唐岛湾网箱养殖区的水环境质量影响较大.     

芦苇化感物质EMA对铜绿微囊藻生长及藻毒素产生和释放的影响

研究了芦苇化感物质2-甲基乙酰乙酸乙酯（ethyl-2-methylacetoacetate,EMA）对铜绿微囊藻PCC7806的生长抑制特性以及对微囊藻毒素MC-LR产生和释放的影响.结果表明,EMA在培养1周内对铜绿微囊藻PCC7806具有较强的抑制作用,EC_50,7d值为2.0 mg·L^-1,但EMA的抑制效果随时间的延长而减弱.整个培养期间,EMA对MC-LR的胞外释放无显著影响.培养7　d后,单位藻细胞内MC-LR的含量随EMA浓度的增加而升高,EMA投加浓度为1.5　mg·L^-1时,单位藻细胞MC-LR的含量为25 ng·(10⁶个)^-1,比对照组增加了39%.但单位体积培养液中MC-LR总量（胞内和胞外的总和）随EMA浓度增加先略微升高后显著降低,EMA投加浓度为3 mg·L^-1时,培养液中MC-LR胞内胞外总量为28 μg·L^-1,约为对照组的一半;16　d后,EMA对单个细胞内MC-LR的含量以及MC-LR总量均无显著影响.     

Leaching of styrene and other aromatic compounds in drinking water from PS bottles

Bottled water may not be safer, or healthier, than tap water. The present studies have proved that styrene and some other aromatic compounds leach continuously from polystyrene （PS） bottles used locally for packaging. Water sapmles in contact with PS were extracted by a preconcentration technique called as ＂purge and trap＂ and analysed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer （GC/MS）. Eleven aromatic compounds were identified in these studies. Maximum concentration of styrene in PS bottles was 29.5 μg/L. Apart from styrene, ethyl benzene, toluene and benzene were also quantified but their concentrations were much less than WHO guide line values. All other compounds were in traces. Quality of plastic and storage time were the major factor in leaching of styrene. Concentration of styrene was increased to 69.53 μg/L after one-year storage. In Styrofoam and PS cups studies, hot water was found to be contaminated with styrene and other aromatic compounds. It was observed that temperature played a major role in the leaching of styrene monomer from Styrofoam cups. Paper cups were found to be safe for hot drinks.     

基于水资源合理配置的河流“双总量”控制研究——以河北省唐山市为例

河道的最小控制流量和最大纳污控制量（简称“双总量”）是维系河流健康的决定性因子。论文初步建立了基于水资源合理配置的河流“双总量”控制研究技术框架,并对唐山市月尺度的“双总量”控制指标进行核算。通过水资源合理配置,除个别枯水年份和连续枯水年份外,唐山市河道的最小控制流量均可得到满足。在基准年、2010年和2020年3个规划水平年,唐山市规划河流COD的最大纳污控制量分别为16357．57、12659．19和11572．50t／a;NH3-N的最大纳污控制量分别为907．80、660．27和580．09t／a。在统一水资源配置平台上制定的“双总量”控制指标,从根本上保障了竞争用水条件下河流生态需水,客观确立了规划水平年河道纳污能力的年内分配,并整体上提高了河流的最大纳污能力。     

Experimental investigation of the e ect of flow turbulence and sediment transport patterns on the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles

The mechanism of flow turbulence,sediment supply conditions,and sediment transport patterns that affect the adsorption of cadmiumions onto sediment particles in natural waters are experimentally simulated and studied both in batch reactors and in a turbulencesimulation tank.By changing the agitation conditions,the sediment transport in batch reactors can be categorized into bottom sediment-dominated sediment and suspended sediment-dominated sediment.It is found that the adsorption rate of bottom sediment is much lessthan that of suspended sediment,but the sediment transport pattern does not affect the final(equilibrium)concentration of dissolvedcadmium.This result indicates that the parameters of an adsorption isotherm are the same regardless of the sediment transport pattern.Inthe turbulence simulation tank,the turbulence is generated by harmonic grid-stirred motions,and the turbulence intensity is quantifiedin terms of eddy diffusivity,which is equal to 9.84F(F is the harmonic vibration frequency)and is comparable to natural surfacewater conditions.When the turbulence intensity of flow is low and sediment particles stay as bottom sediment,the adsorption rateis significantly low,and the adsorption quantity compared with that of suspended sediment is negligible in the 6 h duration of theexperiment.This result greatly favors the simplification of the numerical modeling of heavy metal pollutant transformation in naturalrivers.When the turbulence intensity is high but bottom sediment persists,the rate and extent of descent of the dissolved cadmiumconcentration in the tank noticeably increase,and the time that is required to reach adsorption equilibrium also increases considerablydue to the continuous exchange that occurs between the suspended sediment and the bottom sediment.A comparison of the results ofthe experiments in the batch reactor and those in the turbulence simulation tank reveals that the adsorption ability of the sediment,andin particular the adsorption rate,is greatly over-estimated in the batch reactor.     

Effects of nitrate concentration in interstitial water on the bioremediation of simulated oil-polluted shorelines

Nutrient addition has been proved to be an effective strategy to enhance oil biodegradation in marine shorelines.To determine the optimal range of nutrient concentrations in the bioremediation of oil-polluted beaches,nitrate was added to the simulated shoreline models in the initial concentration of 1,5 and 10 mg/L.Whenever the NO3-N concentration declined to 70% of its original value, additional nutrients were supplemented to maintain a certain range.Results showed adding nutrients increased the oil biodegradation level,the counts of petroleum degrading bacteria(PDB)and heterotrophic bacteria (HB),and the promoted efficiency varied depending on the concentration of nitrate.Oil degradation level in 5 mg/L(NO_3-N)group reached as much as 84.3% accompanied with the consistently highest counts of PDB;while in 1 mg/L group oil removal efficiency was only 35.2%,and the numbers of PDB and HB were relatively low compared to the other groups supplemented with nutrients.Although counts of HB in the 10 mg/L group were remarkable,lower counts of PDB resulted in poorer oil removal efficiency (70.5%) compared to 5 mg/L group.Furthermore,it would need more NO_3-N(0.371 mg)to degrade 1 mg diesel oil in the 10 mg/L group than in the 5 mg/L group(0.197 mg).In conclusion, Nitrate concentration in 5 mg/L is superior to 1 and 10 mg/L in the enhancement of diesel oil biodegradation in simulated shorelines.     

Distribution characteristics of dissolved organic carbon in annular wetland soil-water solutions through soil profiles in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

Overwhelming evidence reveals that concentrations of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） have increased in streams which brings negative environmental impacts. DOC in stream flow is mainly originated from soil-water solutions of watershed. Wetlands prove to be the most sensitive areas as an important DOC reserve between terrestrial and fluvial biogeosystems. This reported study was focused on the distribution characteristics and the controlling factors of DOC in soil-water solutions of annular wetland, i.e., a dishing wetland and a forest wetland together, in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. The results indicate that DOC concentrations in soilwater solutions decreased and then increased with increasing soil depth in the annular wetland. In the upper soil layers of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm, DOC concentrations in soil-water solutions linearly increased from edge to center of the annular wetland （R^2 = 0.3122 and R^2 = 0.443）. The distribution variations were intimately linked to DOC production and utilization and DOC transport processes in annular wetland soil-water solutions. The concentrations of total organic carbon （TOC）, total carbon （TC） and Fe（II）, DOC mobility and continuous vertical and lateral flow affectext the distribution variations of DOC in soil-water solutions. The correlation coefficients between DOC concentrations and TOC, TC and Fe（II） were 0.974, 0.813 and 0.753 respectively. These distribution characteristics suggested a systematic response of the distribution variations of DOC in annular wetland soil-water solutions to the geometry of closed depressions on a scale of small catchments. However, the DOC in soil pore water of the annular wetland may be the potential source of DOC to stream flow on watershed scale. These observations also implied the fragmentation of wetland landscape could bring the spatial-temporal variations of DOC distribution and exports, which would bring negative environmental impacts in watersheds of the Sanjiang Plain.     

Water quality characteristics along the course of the Huangpu River （China）

Huangpu River is about 114.5 km from upriver Dianfeng to downriver Wusong,near the estuary of the Yangtze River.It plays a key role in supplying water for production,life,shipment and irrigation.With the industrial development,the pollution of the Huangpu River has become serious recently.The biological oxygen demand (BOD),total nitrogen (TN),total phosphorus (TP),oil,phenol and suspended solids (SS) were lower in the upstream sites than in the downstream sites,indicating pollutants being input along its course. Water quality was the worst in the Yangpu site,near the center of Shanghai City.Dissolved oxygen (DO) content was less than 2 mg/L in the site of Yangpu in July.Among relations between thirteen characteristics,relations between BOD,DO,TN,TP,NH_4~ -N, NO_3~--N and the count of total bacteria or Escherichia coli were significant and interdependent.Inner relationships between these main characteristics in the Huangpu River were studied.High nutrient concentration led to growth of microorganisms,including E.coli. Degradation of organic matters and respiration of bacteria made oxygen concentration decreased in the water body,and DO was a key factor for nitrification-denitrification process of nitrogen.In the Yangpu site,DO was decreased to less than 3.0 mg/L with BOD higher than 7.5 mg/L in May and July.Low DO concentration will decrease nitrification rate.Nitrification need at higher DO value than other organic substrate oxidation.Consequently,river water contains low NO_3~--N values with high amounts of TN and NH_4~ -N there.This will block the self-purification of surface water,by decreasing the rate of nitrification-denitrification transformation process in the water body.     

水电站项目生态用水工程措施设计

电站引水发电以及堤坝式电站调峰运行将使坝下河段减(脱)水,调水、引水和供水等河道以外用水水利工程也将造成下游河道减(脱)水,水文将对水生生态、生产和生活用水、河道景观等产生一系列的不利影响.为维护河流的基本生态需求,水利水电工程必须下泻一定的生态流量,将其纳入工程水资源配置统筹考虑,使河流水电动能经济规模和水资源配备向"绿色"方向发展.本文以火溪河阴坪水电站为例,简述水电工程下泄生态流量确定的主要方法和下泄生态流量的工程措施设计.